A condition of chronic inflammation and constriction or narrowing of the airways, making breathing difficult.
Chronic respiratory disorder characterized by labored breathing and wheezing resulting from obstructed and constricted air passages. Long-term control includes inhaled or oral bronchodilators (albuterol, theophylline), breathing exercises, and, if possible, the identification and avoidance of allergens. Short-term cortisone and prednisone can bring immediate relief in acute attacks.
Chronic lung disease in which airflow in the lungs may be blocked by obstruction or inflammation of the airway, typically from muscle squeezing, swelling or excess mucus secretion. Asthma requires continuous medical care. Also check our Allergy/Asthma Page
A psychophysiological disorder characterized by narrowing of the airways and increased secretion of mucus, often causing extremely labored and wheezy breathing.
A condition of the lungs in which there is a narrowing of the airways over short periods of time. Asthma can occur spontaneously or as a result of an allergic reaction. People with asthma have varying levels of difficulty breathing during these attacks.
A disease characterized by reversible narrowing and inflammation of the bronchial tubes often accompanied by wheezing, shortness of breath, and/or coughing.
Illness which makes breathing difficult
An inflammatory disease of the respiratory system that causes laboured, difficult breathing.
A condition wherein a person's windpipe gets inflamed and constricts, interfering with breathing. Often allergic.
an allergic condition where the bronchi and bronchioles become narrowed. This prevents airflow into and out of the lungs. The condition is triggered by allergens and is characterized by difficulty in breathing and wheezing.
an immediate hypersensitivity (allergy) resulting in respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and a feeling of constriction within the chest or bronchial airways
n. a condition characterized by paroxysmal attacks of bronchospasm, causing difficulty in breathing.
A distressing disease characterized by shortness of breath, wheezing, and bronchial muscle spasms.
characterized by difficulty in breathing (dyspnea), especially expiration, coupled with wheezing and coughing, often more intense during the night.
chronic respiratory disease, usually allergic in origin; characterized by sudden recurring attacks of labored breathing, chest constriction, wheezing and coughing
Relationship to Allergy to Foods (Hidden)"...Milk, wheat, egg, yeast, preservatives, colorings, coffee and cheese are the main foods implicated..."
A disease in which the lung's airways become inflamed and prone to become narrowed in response to provoking stimuli, including allergens and irritating chemicals
A disease of the branches of the windpipe (bronchial tubes) that carry air in and out of the lungs. Asthma causes the airways to narrow, the lining of the airways to swell and the cells that line the airways to produce more mucus. These changes make breathing difficult and can cause a feeling of not getting enough air into the lungs or shortness of breath.
Chronic respiratory disease characterised by bronchoconstriction, excessive mucus secretion and oedema of the pulmonary alveoli, resulting in difficulty in breathing out, wheezing, and cough.
A disease in which inflammation of the airways (lungs) causes airflow into and out of the lungs to be restricted. Asthma attacks can last minutes or days and become dangerous if the airflow becomes severely restricted. It is characterized by periodic attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, coughing, and increased production of mucus.
Relationship to Allergy to Foods (Hidden)"...In a group of 320 children with atopic dermatitis, 55% had asthma..."
A respiratory disorder in which there is breathlessness wheezing and cough (dry or with mucus expectoration).
A common disorder in which chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes (bronchi) makes them swell, narrowing the airways and making it difficult to breathe. Asthma involves only the bronchial tubes and does not affect the air sacs or the lung tissue itself. Airway narrowing in asthma is due to three major processes acting on the bronchi: inflammation (see above), spasm (bronchospasm), and hyperactivity (over-reaction or allergy to some substance)
A disorder in which the airways become episodically narrowed, leading to wheeze, shortness of breath, cough and chest tightness. Also see Severe asthma
a medical condition characterized by abnormal restriction of breathing, especially in response to allergens or air contaminants
Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing.
a condition marked by labored breathing, constriction of the chest, coughing and gasping usually brought on by allergies.
a physical condition that makes breathing difficult. People that have asthma usually experience a lot of wheezing and coughing, and often have difficulty doing physical exercise. Asthma is a condition that people usually have for their entire lives.
a condition characterized by inflammation and congestion in the bronchial tubes, causing wheezing, coughing and difficulty breathing. These signs and symptoms can occur as a result of allergies.
The Condition"...is due primarily to bronchial smooth muscle contraction whereas moderate to severe sustained asthma is largely due to chronic inflammation of the bronchi with the presence of such white cells as eosinophils, neutrophils and mononuclear cells..."
Wheezing and breathlessness which is caused by inflammation and reversible narrowing of the bronchi or airways in the lungs. Attacks can be triggered by exercise in cold weather, an allergy or a lung infection or may even occur for no apparent reason.
Asthma is a condition often caused by an allergic reaction. Symptoms include: attacks of shortness of breath, coughing or gasping, wheezing and sense of constriction in the chest or throat.
A condition where the airways are inflamed and obstructed, causing a person to have difficulty breathing.
Symptoms including cough, chest tightness, and wheezing, caused mainly by inflammation and excessive irritability of bronchi (main air passages in the lung). Asthma symptoms may be provoked by allergens (usually inhaled), virus infection, exercise, cold air and airborne pollutants. They tend to be worse at night.
A chronic lung disease in which the airways of the lungs are swollen, blocked with extra mucus and the muscles around the airways are tight.
A chronic disease of the airways in the lungs, characterized by two main components: constriction and inflammation. Together, constriction and inflammation cause narrowing of the airways, which may result in symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, or shortness of breath.
medical disorder which causes attacks of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and/or coughing due to spasmodic contraction of the air passage.
is an illness that causes a temporary blockage of the small airways in the lungs. When someone is having an "asthma attack," the smooth muscles around the airways tighten, causing the airways to become inflamed, narrow, and produce excess mucus. This makes it difficult for air to pass in and out of the lungs.
Chronic respiratory system disorder characterized by wheezing, coughing, and difficulty in breathing.
Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.
respiratory disorder characterized by wheezing; usually of allergic origin
a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that restricts airflow to the lungs
a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by episodes of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing
a chronic lung disease that causes obstruction of respiratory airways resulting in difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing, and a feeling of tightness in the chest
a chronic respiratory disease that affects many Americans, both young and old
a chronic respiratory disease that often arises from allergies
a condition affecting the airways of the lung
a condition of the lungs characterized by widespread narrowing of the airways due to spasms of the smooth muscles
a disease caused by inflammation of the lungs that interferes with breathing
a disease characterized by an increased responsiveness of the trachea and bonchi to various stimuli and manifested by widespread narrowing of the airways that changes in severity, either spontaneously or as a result of treatment
a disease in which the airways become blocked or narrowed
a disease of the lungs and airways that affects millions of people each year
a disease of the lungs and of the air tubes leading to them
a disease of the lungs where the airways become blocked or narrowed causing difficulties in breathing
a disease that affects people's breathing
a disorder of the respiratory system characterized by severe paroxysms of difficult breathing
a lung condition where the smaller airways narrow when exposed to certain stimuli, such as allergens (eg animal furs, pollens), smoke and dust, emotional stress, cold, exertion and infection
an allergic condition and caused due to the hyper responsiveness of air- way to the allergens such as dust, bad smell and seafoods
an obstructive lung disease caused by an inflammatory reaction and hyperreactivity of the airways to various triggers
Lung disease characterized by difficulty in breathing and by coughing and wheezing
A disease that causes constriction of the bronchial tubes in the lungs as a result of irritation, allergy, or other stimulus.
(as-muh) - a chronic condition that affects a person's airways,or bronchial tubes.
A disease in which the airways (the breathing tubes taking air in and out of the lungs) become inflamed and swollen, making breathing difficult. In many cases it is caused by an allergy.
A disease, usually triggered by inhaled allergens, in which one's airway becomes inflamed. Symptoms of an Asthma "attack" include wheezing and/or shortness of breath.
A disease characterized by inflamed and narrowed airways and difficulty breathing.
is a condition that is caused by inflammation and narrowing of the airways. This results from the contraction of the muscles lining them and causes breathing difficulties particularly in breathing out.
chronic respiratory disease marked by sudden recurring attacks of labored breathing, chest constriction, coughing ( Lung Formula, Trikatu, Triphala). Taken regularly these herbal formulas support proper function of the lungs. They should not be considered for acute relief.
Recurrent attacks of paroxysmal dyspnea with wheezing from spasmodic bronchial contractions.
Asthma is a condition of the lungs caused by constriction of the airways and mucus secretion. These interfere with normal air movement in the lungs and cause wheezing.
A common respiratory disease affecting 1 in 10 children and 1 in 20 adults. Airways become narrowed resulting in shortness of breath, wheezing and tightness in the chest.
A respiratory disease caused by spasmodic contraction of the bronchioles in the lungs. Characterised by attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath and/or coughing and resulting in difficult breathing.
Constriction of the airways (bronchial tubes) to the lungs, producing symptoms of cough and shortness of breath. It may be an allergic response.
a chronic respiratory disease, often arising from allergies, and accompanied by labored breathing, chest constriction, and coughing.
a respiratory disease causing narrowing of the lower airway passages
A disorder of the lungs that causes wheezing, coughing, and excess mucus production
A respiratory disease, often caused by exposure to allergens, marked by wheezing, chest tightness, and sometimes coughing.
A chronic inflammatory disorder of the lungs. Symptoms include wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightening, and cough.
Chronic condition causing difficulty breathing caused by over-reactive airways
disease (especially allergic) of respiration, especially with paroxysms of difficult breathing
A chronic disease of the lungs that causes trouble breathing. Asthma is usually related, at least in part, to allergies. The trouble breathing is due to the lung air passages being blocked by a combination of inflammation (swelling), bronchoconstriction (squeezing shut) and mucus plugging of the passages.
a lung condition characterized by inflammation and spasm of the airways. This causes intermittent problems breathing such as coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. Asthma can be triggered by infections, allergies, exercise, temperature changes or other airway irritants.
A chronic inflammatory ailment of the lungs characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough.
a lung disease that typically involves difficulty breathing due to narrowed airways. Asthma attacks are sometimes triggered by an allergic reaction.
a respiratory disease characterized by the narrowing of the respiratory pathways and the excess production of mucus, shortness of breath, difficulty in breathing and coughing. Asthma is usually caused or aggravated by allergies and air pollution.
a disease characterized by acute episodes of paroxysmal wheezing dyspnea, a sign of sudden contraction of the muscles which control the opening and closing of the bronchi; such episodes can be accompanied by edema and mucosal hyper-secretion of the airways (pharynx, larynx, trachea and nasal fossae).
A chronic disease characterized by attacks of breathlessness, accompanied by wheezing, coughing and chest tightness; An obstructive inflammatory disease that affects the airways, sometimes making it difficult to breathe
a condition marked by recurrent attacks of paroxysmal dyspnea (suddenly recurring episodes of laboured breathing), with wheezing due to spasmodic contraction of the bronchioles (small airways). In sensitized individuals, it is usually a manifestation of allergy.
A chronic disease of the lungs. Symptoms may include wheezing, coughing, feeling of tightness in the chest, difficulty breathing, itching neck, throat and ears. Symptoms vary greatly from person to person, and usually, individuals with asthma also experience ups and downs with symptoms. Symptoms can be well managed and stabilized for most people who have asthma. Certain substances or conditions may trigger asthma symptoms.
A condition marked by recurrent attacks of difficult or labored breathing and wheezing resulting from spasmodic contraction and hyper secretion of the bronchi. It is caused by exposure to allergens such as drugs, foods, environmental pollutants, or intrinsic factors.
Ongoing inflammation of the lungs that causes breathing difficulty; Often caused by allergies.
Respiratory disorder of allergic origin, characterised by difficulty in breathing
A chronic lung disease characterized by inflammation of the lower airways and the tightening of the muscles surrounding the airways.
A condition triggered by allergies, exercise, or environmental conditions and results in wheezing, coughing, and loss of breath.
A disease marked by recurrent attacks of distressed breathing. It is most often due to allergic reactions to plant or animal substances or to food products.
a chronic, inflammatory lung disease characterized by recurrent breathing problems and is usually triggered by allergens. Infection, exercise, cold air, and other factors may also be allergic triggers.
wheezing caused by spasms of bronchial tubes or inflammation of bronchial mucus membrane
a respiratory condition marked by a spasm of the lungs causing difficulty in breathing
This chronic lung disease is characterized by an inflammation of the lungs and may involve muscle spasms and airway constriction. Common symptoms of asthma include: coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Asthma may be triggered by a host of environmental factors, including pollen, dust, smoke, exercise, illness, weather, and strong emotions.
A chronic respiratory disease, often arising from allergies and agitated by pollution, which can cause laboured breathing, chest constriction and coughing.
An allergic condition leading to wheezing and difficulty in breathing.
Asthma is a disease that features a narrowing of the airways, making breathing difficult. This narrowing can be reversed by treatment with bronchodilators
A condition of the lungs characterized by widespread narrowing of the airways due to spasm of the smooth muscle, edema of the mucosa and the presence of mucus in the lumen of the bronchi and bronchioles. It is caused by the local release of spasmogens and vasoactive substances in the course of an allergic reaction. ? Calcium 4 TB ? Copper 2 TBL ? Germanium 1-2 tsp. ? Magnesium 4 TBL ? Sulfur 2 TBL ? Lobelia during an attack ? Stabilized Oxygen 10 drops in 8 oz. Of water, am and pm ? Vitamin B complex as directed ? Vitamin C Ascorbate 2000 mg. daily ? For mild attacks, drink a few sips of coffee. Stabilized Oxygen will help after an asthma attack to supplement oxygen intake.
a chronic, inflammatory lung disease involving recurrent breathing problems; the most common, chronic health problem among children.
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease often arising from allergies that is characterized by sudden recurring attacks of labored breathing, chest constriction and coughing. The danger with asthma is that the chest constriction can result in lack of oxygen getting to the person's body and brain. Asthma can be life threatening if not managed correctly.
A chronic, inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by wheezing, breathing difficulties, coughing, chest tightness, and other possible symptoms. People with asthma have very sensitive airways that are constantly on the verge of over-reacting to asthma triggers. Asthma is "reversible" -- in other words, it can be treated with medication to keep the symptoms under control.
A disorder characterized by inflamed airways and difficulty breathing.
A chronic inflammatory condition of the airways and one of the most prevalent chronic conditions in Canada. The airways of a person with asthma differ from someone without asthma because the airways of those with asthma become inflamed (swollen) and are extra-sensitive or twitchy (hyperresponsive). The inflammation and hyperresponsiveness cause airways to respond to a variety of triggers, such as pollen, dust, and pets. Many of the triggers also cause inflammation and increased production of mucus. For more information, click here.
an inflammatory disorder of the airways, characterized by periodic attacks of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Also known as bronchial asthma; exercise-induced asthma; reactive airways disease.
A respiratory disorder caused by allergies that constrict the bronchioles by inducing spasms in the muscles surrounding the lungs, by causing the bronchioles to swell, or by clogging the bronchioles with mucus.
An inflammatory disorder of the airways, causing periodic attacks of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.
Respiratory condition caused by narrowing of the airways; symptoms include recurrent attacks of wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and labored breathing.
A respiratory illness characterised by dyspnoea (difficult breathing) accompanied by wheezing, coughing and other symptoms, usually triggered by allergens (infection, exercise, cold air and other factors)
When your airways are inflamed, causing you to wheeze, feel shortness of breath, cough and feel a tightness in your chest.
a lifelong or chronic condition that interferes with your breathing by preventing air from flowing freely into and out of your lungs
A lung disease characterized by narrowing of the respiratory airways. Symptoms include recurrent attacks of wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath (dyspnea).
Asthma is a serious condition in which the small airways of the affected person's lungs suddenly constrict when they are exposed to certain triggers. Airflow into and out of the lungs is reduced, and the person has to gasp for breath.
Asthma is a chronic medical condition, affecting approximately 10 million Americans (3 to 4 percent of the population). Asthma results when irritants (or trigger substances) cause swelling of the tissues in the air passage of the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. Typical symptoms of asthma include wheezing, shortness of breath and coughing.
A respiratory condition characterised by difficulty in breathing, constriction in the chest and often coughing or gasping.
A chronic lung disease that causes breathing problems called attacks or episodes of asthma. Usually symptoms get started or "triggered" by something that irritates the lungs. These things are called asthma triggers; triggers can range from viruses (such as colds) to allergies, to gases and particles in the air.
a common condition manifested by narrowing of air passages within the lungs. One reason for the narrowing is excess mucous in the airways.
Asthma is a chronic, inflammatory lung disease characterized by recurrent breathing problems. People with asthma have acute episodes or when the air passages in their lungs get narrower, and breathing becomes more difficult. Sometimes episodes of asthma are triggered by allergens, although infection, exercise, cold air and other factors are also important triggers.
Respiratory condition marked by recurrent attacks of wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and labored breathing caused by narrowing of the airways.
A reversible condition of the lung that is characterized by airway inflammation, increased mucus secretion, and airway spasm, resulting in airflow obstruction.
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease, often arising from allergies, that is characterized by sudden recurring attacks of labored breathing, chest constriction, and coughing (from American Heritage Dictionary). Asthma is a disease of the bronchial tubes, or airways of the lungs, characterized by tightening of these airways. Not every person with asthma has the same symptoms in the same way. It is a chronic condition; people with asthma live with it every day and for their whole lives. People with asthma have very sensitive airways that react to many different things in the environment called "triggers." Contact with these triggers cause asthma symptoms to start or worsen (from WebMD).
disorder causing difficulty/wheezing when breathing
a lung condition where the passages of the lungs narrow causing wheezing and breathing difficulties
A lung disease characterized by airway constriction, mucus secretion, and chronic inflammation, resulting in reduced airflow and wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and difficulty breathing.
A chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by recurrent episodes of breathlessness, wheezing and coughing. From 1980 - 1996, the number of Americans diagnosed with asthma more than doubled to include nearly 15 million people. If you or your child has asthma, or you suspect your child has asthma, please visit a doctor for expert professional advice. Many athletes with asthma compete at very high levels. Asthma can be controlled by following a medical management plan and by avoiding contact with environmental triggers such as furry pets, mold, smoke, dust mites, etc. For more information, see "Exercise Induced Asthma."
a respiratory disorder characterized by breathing trouble (wheezing).
A common disorder in which chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes (bronchi) makes them swell, narrowing the airways. Asthma involves only the bronchial tubes and does not affect the air sacs ( alveoli ) or the lung tissue (the parenchyma of the lung) itself. See the entire definition of Asthma
Disease with recurrent attacks of breathing difficulty characterized by wheezing. It is caused by spasms of the bronchial tubes, which can be caused by many factors including adverse reactions to drugs, vitamins, minerals or medicinal herbs.
a condition where inflammation causes the airways to narrow suddenly, so causing breathlessness.
A chronic, reversible obstruction of the airways. Allergic asthma is caused by an allergic stimulus; most common in children and adults; caused by exposure to substances such as dust mites, plants, pollens, and molds. Nonallergic asthma is caused by exposure to substances or conditions such as cold air, exercise, or respiratory infections, rather than exposure to allergens.
A chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that typically starts in childhood, although some people develop asthma later in life (see Allergies).
A chronic lung and breathing disorder. Ranges from mild wheeziness to serious constriction of the bronchial tubes.
a common chronic condition affecting the lungs, characterized by inflammation, constriction of the muscles surrounding the airways and excess mucus production. Symptoms may include cough, wheeze, or breathlessness.
a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by airway narrowing, bronchospasm and wheezing; asthma is considered a reversible condition. Asthma is often called a reactive airway disease when it's expected to be a short duration.
(2) - a disease process that is characterized by paradoxical narrowing of the bronchi (lung passageways) making breathing difficult. Symptoms include wheezing, difficulty breathing (particularly exhaling air) and tightness in the chest.
A chronic, inflammatory condition of the airways with two main components: constriction – the tightening of the muscles around the airways, and inflammation – the swelling and irritation of the airways. Both the constriction and the inflammation cause narrowing of the airways, which may result in asthma symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, chest tightness or shortness of breath.
A chronic upper respiratory condition caused by a tightening of the muscles and swelling of the lining in the small breathing tubes of the lungs.
Condition marked by labored breathing and wheezing, sense of chest constriction, and often attacks or coughing or gasping. Often from an allergic origin.
A lung disorder. It is marked by attacks of breathing difficulty, wheezing, coughing, and thick mucus coming from the lungs. The episodes may be started by breathing foreign substances (allergens) or pollutants, infection, vigorous exercise, or emotional stress. Treatment includes getting rid of the cause if possible. Sprays or wideners of the bronchi taken by mouth, and steroid drugs are also used. Certain drugs must not be used by persons with asthma. For example, some of the drugs for treating circulatory disease (beta-adrenergic drugs), barbiturates, and narcotics. Repeated attacks often result in shortness of breath (emphysema) and permanent obstructive lung disease. Also called bronchial asthma.
A condition in which the small airways in the lungs are inflamed and become narrow when the person is exposed to something to which he or she is sensitive, causing difficulty in breathing.
A reversible constriction of smooth muscles around respiratory passageways, commonly caused by an allergic response.
A respiratory disease marked by intermittent fits of difficult breathing that has a wheezing sound, and is accompanied by chest constriction, coughing, and discharge of phlegm.
Chronic respiratory disease caused by allergy or heredity resulting in sudden attacks of forced breathing, wheezing, and coughing.
Allergy affecting the airways to make breathing difficult due to swelling and inflammation.
(AZ-ma) - Asthma is a long-term condition that involves the tightening of muscles around the airways, and swelling and irritation of the airways. The airways get narrow, leading to asthma symptoms and possibly an asthma attack (see Asthma attack).
A usually chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by intermittent episodes of wheezing, coughing, and difficulty in breathing, sometimes caused by an allergy to inhaled substances.
A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways often associated with allergy and onset during childhood.
Spasm of bronchi causing difficulty in exhaling
A condition marked by recurrent attacks of coughing or wheezing
A condition with many causes, resulting in the constriction of the lungs' airways, making breathing difficult.
chronic condition involving breathlessness due to inflammation of the bronchioles Humans as organisms
a disorder characterised by inflamed airways and difficulty breathing
Disease characterized by severe airway constriction and plugging of the airways with mucus.
Asthma is a chronic disease that makes breathing difficult. If you have asthma, the inside of your airways react strongly to things you are allergic to (allergens) or find irritating (irritants), causing the airways to narrow so less air can flow through them to the lungs. Allergens provoke allergic asthma; irritants provoke non-allergic asthma.
A chronic disorder characterized by shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing and tightness of the chest.
Relationship to Allergy to Foods (Hidden)"...Food challenges triggered respiratory symptoms in 59% ( rhinitis, laryngeal edema, wheezing, and dyspnea)..."
Related Topic"...The episodes may be triggered by breathing foreign substances ( allergens) or pollutants, infection, vigorous exercise, or emotional stress..." Relationship to Allergy to Foods (Hidden)"...Food allergens may be found in the bloodstream within circulating immune complexes that trigger the release of immune mediators into the bloodstream..."
A chronic inflammatory lung disorder characterized by obstruction of airways.
An obstructive airway disorder common in young children that can be exacerbated by thepresence of specific allergens
Asthma is a chronic disease of the respiratory system in which the airway occasionally constricts, becomes inflamed, and is lined with excessive amounts of mucus, often in response to one or more triggers. These acute episodes may be triggered by such things as exposure to an environmental stimulant (or allergen), cold air, exercise or exertion, or emotional stress. In children, the most common triggers are viral illnesses such as those that cause the common cold.Zhao J, Takamura M, Yamaoka A, Odajima Y, Iikura Y.