Mining of ore by vertical long-hole blasting between an upper and a lower drift.
a method of protecting workers from cave-ins by excavating the sides of an excavation to form one or more horizontal steps, usually with vertical or near-vertical surfaces between levels.
A method of working small quarries or opencast pits in steps or benches.
Smoothly contoured concrete slope beside drainage channel within an inspection chamber. Also known as Haunching.
Leveling of the area around an excavation site to avoid having soil slip into the excavation.
relies on the maximum allowable slope principal but employs one or more vertical sided portions.