Those measures designed to mislead the enemy by manipulation, distortion, or falsification of evidence in order to induce him to react in a manner prejudicial to his interests.

the procedure whereby participants are misled about the true purpose of a study or the events that will actually transpire

concealing the purpose and procedures of a study from participants.

A research technique in which participants are misinformed about the true nature and purpose of a study.

a misleading falsehood

a deliberate attempt to create false impressions through trickery, willful omission or a variety of other methods

A research technique that provides false information to persons participating in a study.

In the context of research, a method that provides false information to participants.

Intentionally misleading or withholding information about nature of experiment.

The act of deceiving or the fact (or condition) of being deceived.

Those measures designed to mislead the enemy/adversary by manipulation, distortion, or falsification of evidence in order to induce a reaction from that adversary which is prejudicial to the adversary's interests (DOD JP 1997a).

The intentional withholding of information from participants, or deception about the study’s purpose and exact nature, that is deemed necessary by the researcher in order to meet the study’s goals. Deception should only be used when the researcher feels that participant knowledge about the study would alter participants’ behavior or responses in the study. Deception should not cause any adverse consequences to the participants, and participants should be debriefed after running the study. IRB guidelines on the use of deception should be reviewed. A study that cannot justify the use of deception may not receive IRB approval.

Attempting to confuse, disguise or conceal sign by walking backward, brushing out, or other means. To deceive or confuse direction of travel, number of persons, or presence of sign.

A ruse; a trick.

The act of deceiving; intentional misleading by falsehood spoken or acted. Synonymous with fraud.

misleading, trick, illusion (C) 1. the act of deceiving 2. something that deceives; a trick (L)

Some direct marketers design mailers and write copy intended to misleads buyers. They may exaggerate product size, performance, claims, or the “retail price.” The Federal Trade Commission receives thousands of complaints each year about fraudulent investment scams or phony charities.