variety of meanings, depending on point of view. Reader Shaun Barton says: "cutbacks"; reader Simon Colton says: "The new downsizing"

A process of social change resulting from the diffusion and adoption of the characteristics of expansive and apparently more advanced societies through societies that are apparently less advanced. It involves social mobilisation, the growth of a more effective and centralised apparatus of social and political control, the acceptance of scientifically rational norms and the transformation of social relations and aesthetic forms.

the process of becoming modern, accepting change and modern values

A contested contest - see details ... more ...

Modernization.