Costs which do not vary greatly as the level of production or mix of activities changes, but which must be met each year.

Costs that cannot be directly associated either with the entity's total asset base or with one particular asset, but which are incurred by the entity in delivering the services involved.

include costs such as wages and employment-related costs for staff, licenses, permits, fees for professional services, bank charges, utilities, material, supplies, travel, insurance, disbursement for research and technical studies, disability needs, rental of premises, leasing or purchase of equipment, audits, assessment and evaluations.

Expenses which are more or less fixed in their nature, which do not vary with the volume of goods or service produced, and which are usually assigned to the goods or service by the subjective decision of management. For an association, examples would be the cost of rent and utilities of a Headquarters office; salaries and benefits of staff personnel; insurance premiums for liability coverage for Board Officers.