An ancient Greek philosophical position contemporary with early Platonism and Aristotleianism that emphasized the close relationship between human activity and nature, governed by reason and law. Influenced early Judaism and early Christianity significantly (e.g. Philo, Paul).

The most important philosophy in Rome. Its adherents insisted on the importance of accepting all situations with virtus – toughness or manliness. It arose from a Greek school of philosophy founded by Zeno in . 308 BC, and took its name from the porch ( stoa) in Athens where he taught.

(philosophy) the philosophical system of the Stoics following the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno

the most popular of Hellenistic philosophy, it considers nature an expression of divine will, people could be happy only when living in accordance with nature. (p. 113)

Stoicism is a school of philosophy, the founding of which is associated with Zeno of Citium, which became the foremost popular philosophy among the educated elite in the Greco-Roman Empire, H.D. Amos and A.G.P. Lang, “These Were the Greeks” to the point where, in the words of Gilbert Murray, "nearly all the successors of Alexander [...] professed themselves Stoics."Gilbert Murray, The Stoic Philosophy (1915), p.25.