The federal department primarily responsible for providing the government with analysis and advice on the broad economic and financial affairs of Canada. Its mandate includes preparing the federal budget, preparing tax and tariff legislation, managing federal borrowing on financial markets, and representing Canada within international financial institutions. To fulfil the department's role, Finance officials monitor and research the performance of the Canadian economy in all important aspects: output and growth, employment and income, price stability and monetary policy, and long-term structural change. The department is also vitally concerned with trade, monetary affairs and other aspects of the global economy that bear on Canada's domestic performance.

The Department of Finance or the Department of Finance Canada operates under the Minister of Finance.

The Department of Finance is a part of the Government of New Brunswick. It is charged with New Brunswick's budgetary and tax policy and headed by the finance minister.

The Department of Finance (An Roinn Airgeadais) is a department of the Irish government. It is led by the Minister for Finance and is assisted by one Minister of State.

The Philippines' Department of Finance (DOF) (Filipino: Kagawaran ng Pananalapi) is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for the formulation, institutionalization and administration of fiscal policies, management of the financial resources of government, supervision of the revenue operations of all local government units, the review, approval and management of all public sector debt, and the rationalization, privatization and public accountability of corporations and assets owned, controlled or acquired by the government.