Logical Observation Identifier Names and Codes modelling mean to express constraints of reality; for modelling, different vocabularies are applied; for graphical vocabularies, cf. UML has been standardised as the dominant way to go; we distinguish between platform-independent reference models, platform-independent domain models, platform-specific reference models and platform-specific domain models

Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (http://www.loinc.org/ LOINC) is a database and universal standard for identifying laboratory observations. It was developed and is maintained by the http://www.regenstrief.org/ Regenstrief Institute, Inc., an internationally-recognized non-profit medical research organization, in 1994. LOINC was created in response to the demand for an electronic database for clinical care and management and is publicly available at no cost.