NFC is an open platform technology for contactless networking based upon ISO 14443-2.3 and 4 existing standards operating in the 13.56 MHz band. It was standardized in ECMA 340 as well as ETSI TS 102 190 V1.1.1 and ISO/IEC 18092. These standards specify the modulation schemes, coding, transfer speeds, and frame format of the RF interface of NFC devices, as well as initialization schemes and conditions required for data collision-control during initialization - for both passive and active NFC modes.