Recommendation against Beta-Carotene"A 1999 study showed that supplemental beta-carotene has different effects in smokers and nonsmokers..."
Relationship to Laryngeal Cancer"...People who stop smoking can greatly reduce their risk of developing cancer of the larynx, as well as cancer of the lung, mouth, pancreas, bladder, and esophagus..." Relationship to Cancer, General"...Organs that have direct contact with smoke (lung, oral cavity and esophagus) are at the greatest risk of developing cancer..." Relationship to Esophageal Cancer"Nearly 80% of all deaths from esophageal cancer are attributable to cigarette smoking..."
Recommendation Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)"Smokers are advised to consume an extra 35mg daily because smoking depletes the body of some vitamin C..."
Relationship to Stroke"Smoking causes cerebrovascular disease primarily by increasing atherosclerosis and thrombosis..."
Relationship to Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)"Cigarette smoking is associated with increased risk for leukemia and may lead to leukemias of specific morphologic and chromosomal types..." Relationship to Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)"...Between 20% and 30% of leukemia cases are related to smoking..."
The Condition"...Smoking causes an acute increase in blood pressure, pulse rate, plasma ACTH, cortisol, aldosterone, and catecholamine levels..."
The Condition"...This is mediated through smoking induced atherosclerosis and vasoconstriction..."
The Condition"... Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in developed countries, and smoking is considered one of the major risk factors in its development..." Relationship to Atherosclerosis"...These chemicals are extremely damaging to the cardiovascular system..."
Relationship to Lung Cancer"...Large cell cancer spreads to lymph nodes of the chest and it enters the blood stream where it gets carried to other organs such as the liver, bone, brain, and spinal cord..."
Relationship to Laryngeal Cancer"...The risk of developing laryngeal cancer is approximately 10-fold greater for a male and 8-fold greater for a female as compared to never-smokers..." Relationship to Mouth Cancer"...As with laryngeal cancer, alcohol consumption significantly increases the risk of oral cancer..."
Recommendation Selenium"An Italian study of men who smoked found that heavy smokers had lower levels of selenium than lighter smokers and non-smokers..."
Relationship to Cancer, General"...Samples from the cervix of women smokers show components of tobacco smoke that contain mutagenic activity..."
Relationship to Aneurysm / Rupture"278 consecutive patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were compared with 314 hospitalized control patients..."
Relationship to Hypertension" Malignant hypertension and renovascular hypertension are more common in people who smoke..." Relationship to Cervical Cancer"...Smoking is one co-factor that makes HPV-infected cells more likely to turn cancerous..."
Relationship to Hyperthyroidism"...The association was most pronounced in autoimmune disorders (Graves' disease and autoimmune thyroiditis), although there was still a strong association for non-autoimmune thyroid disorders..." Relationship to Chronic Thyroiditis"...The association was most pronounced in autoimmune disorders (Graves' disease and autoimmune thyroiditis), although there was still a strong association for non-autoimmune thyroid disorders..."
The Condition"...Cigarette smoking exacerbates both the frequency and duration of ischemia in patients with CAD..."
The Condition"...Coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebrovascular disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and peripheral vascular disease are all caused by smoking..."
Relationship to Lung Cancer"...Among men there is an increased proportion of squamous cell carcinoma, while in women there is an increased proportion of adenocarcinoma..."