An imaginary circle surrounding the earth, in whose periphery either the heavenly body or the center of the heavenly body's epicycle was supposed to be carried round.
In the Ptolemaic system, the large circle centered on the Earth upon which circumference the center of a smaller circle (epicycle) revolves; the planet moves on the epicycle.
A construct of the geocentric model of the solar system which was needed to explain observed planetary motions. A deferent is a large circle encircling the Earth, on which an epicycle moves.
A construct of the Ptolemaic system, the deferent is the circular path around the Earth or, more accurately, the equant.
The larger circle of which an epicycle revolves (the earth in this case).
The deferent is the large circular orbit around which a planet was thought to orbit, in one or many epicycles. Epicycles are circular orbits within orbits that were used to (incorrectly) describe the orbits of objects in the Ptolemaic system (about A.D. 150). Epicycles and deferents were used to predict orbits until Kepler discovered the elliptical nature of orbits (early in the 1600's).