A large-scale rural collective, corresponding roughly in geographical spread to a traditional marketing network (several villages clustered around a market town or zhen). People's Communes were established as part of the Great Leap Forward (see below) in the late 1950s and they continued to exist in various forms until the early 1980s, at which time they were abolished and replaced by the profit-driven household responsibility system. The problem with the communes was that they offered little incentive for maximum output. Peasant producers earned "workpoints," for various tasks, the value of which depended on the total value of goods and services produced by the commune in a given year (i.e., total output divided by the total number of workpoints earned by all members of the collective). The problem with this system was that workpoints were allocated without regard for the amount of labor put forth. There was thus no economic incentive for higher productivity.
(France) Refers to a village and the surrounding vineyards, for example, the communes of the left bank of Bordeaux include Pauillac, St Julien, St Estèphe and so on.
French parish or village.
a village and its surrounding vineyards
the smallest administrative district of several European countries
an administrative subdivision of various European and African countries, including Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Senegal, and the Scandinavian countries
an administrative subdivision of various Europe an (including Belgium , France , Germany , Italy , Luxembourg , Norway , Poland , Romania , and the Scandinavia n countries) and Africa n countries, notably Senegal
The French term for a town. Often used interchangeably with village (vee-lahj). Commune is more accurate as it includes the surrounding area as well as the town itself.
A wine growing area or village.
town ,village or parish district.
the smallest administrative unit in France, it may vary from a tiny village to a town